{ "viewingDirection": "left-to-right", "metadata": [ { "label": "Origin", "value": "The characteristics of the Latin script suggest that the manuscript was copied within the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, later than the composition of the works of Rabanus Maurus contained in it." }, { "label": "Origin Place", "value": "Carolingian Empire" }, { "label": "Provenance", "value": "

Owned by the monastery of Augia Major, Reichenau, as indicated by the note on f. 141v<\/a>.<\/p>

Owned by Georg Michael Wepfer (1692-1774) of Schaffhausen, as indicated by his note on the left pastedown<\/a>.<\/p>

Owned by Ludwig Christian Mieg (1668-1740), as indicated by his note on the left pastedown<\/a>.<\/p>

Bought from Mieg in 1718 by Richard Bentley (1662-1742), Master of Trinity.<\/p>" }, { "label": "Extent", "value": "Codex 136 Leaf height: 226 mm, width: 187 mm." }, { "label": "Funding", "value": "The Polonsky Foundation" }, { "label": "Date of Creation", "value": "9th century" }, { "label": "Classmark", "value": "Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.17.1" }, { "label": "Note(s)", "value": "Gregory-Aland Fp/010; Von Soden α 1029 (Ia1); Scrivener Paul. F; Occasional passages have been omitted from the Greek text, with space left for them to be added, due to losses to the examplar (e.g. ff. 15r<\/a>, 35r-35v<\/a>, 94r-94v<\/a>); in other cases this applies to both the Latin and Greek text (e.g. ff. 78r<\/a>, f. 124r<\/a>)" }, { "label": "Additions", "value": "

There are various interlinear Latin glosses in the Greek text, by a medieval hand. Extensive marginal and interlinear annotations in Latin have been added to the Latin text of ff. 13r-44r<\/a>, by a later hand. There is a marginal note in Latin by Mieg, added to by a later hand, on f. 139v<\/a>.<\/p>

Running heads indicating the present epistle have been added in the upper margin of each folio, recto. The beginning of some chapters has been noted in the margin. There are notes of omissions of text and the misplacement of a quire by Richard Bentley (e.g. ff. 35r<\/a>, 55v<\/a>).<\/p>

There is a series of notes of ownership on the left pastedown<\/a>, by Georg Michael Wepfer, Ludwig Christian Mieg and Richard Bentley: \"Georgii Michaelis Wepfer Schaphusiani\"; \"Iam Ludovici Christiani Miegii\"; \"Emptus hic codex Richardo Bentleio Anno Domini MDCCXVIII\".<\/p>

Another note on this pastedown has been rendered partially illegible: \"Tempus ad huc v...t ..ph......\". There are a number of other notes here on the manuscript and its scholarly use: \"This MS. is not written in Anglo-Saxon characters, as has been described, but in the renovated minuscule of the Caroline period (saec. ix vel x).I. O. W.\"; \"Collatus et transcriptus hic codex integer. F. H. Scrivener, 1855\"; \"Codex Augiensis (supposed to have been written in the ninth century) noted F in the second part of Wetstein's NT. Vid Martis Michaelis Chap VIII Sect VI. 4\"; \"Wetstein's Prolegom Vol I. p 153. Vol II p 6 Monti's Life of Bentley. II p 121. Hunc Codicem parvo aestimavit Wetstenius plurimi Bentleius. vid qui not. MS ad initium Novi Testamenti Oxoniensis 1675 octavo (B.17.8 inscripti) quocum Codicem contulit. J. W. 1839\". The classmark and M.R. James catalogue number also appear here.<\/p>

On f. 141v<\/a> is an ownership note of the monastery of Augia Major, Reichenau by a 16th-century hand: \"Hic liber est monasterii Augie Maioris qui per dominum de Wildenstain abbatem accomodatus fuit magistro Georgio Schoentin de Schorndorff decretorum doctor canoinico in Sindelfingen tempore Basiliensis\". Other notes here include a Greek alphabet with alternative letter-forms and a table of the forms of the definite article.<\/p>

Notes and pen-trials on the right pastedown<\/a> include a note by Bentley on the monastery of Augia Major: \"Monasteriu Augiae, in Belgio, ubi institutus est Goddeschalcus\".<\/p>" }, { "label": "Subject(s)", "value": "Bible" }, { "label": "Filiations", "value": "

The Greek text is derived from the same source as Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), MS A.145b (Codex Boernerianus)<\/a>. The text has been placed by Aland in category C.<\/div><\/div>" }, { "label": "Format", "value": "Codex" }, { "label": "Binding", "value": "

15th-century binding with wooden boards, with the spine and roughly one third of the boards covered with white skin decorated with a stamped design. The stub of a leather and fabric strap fastening is fixed to the outside of the right board by a brass plate, with a brass clasp attachment on the outside of the left board. The covering of the left board is marked with Wepfer's initials, G. M. W., and the title \"Epistole Pauli Grece et Latine\" is written on the front board in a 15th-century hand.<\/p>

Binding height: 260 mm, width: 195 mm, depth: 55 mm. <\/p>" }, { "label": "Condition", "value": "There is a tear from the edge of f. 141<\/a> at the tail of the gutter. Some of the folios are creased. There is some water staining, and a line of spilt ink across the corner of ff. 135v-136r<\/a>." }, { "label": "Script", "value": "

The main text was copied in brown ink. The Latin text is written in Carolingian minuscule<\/i>, the Greek in a western European majuscule<\/i> script, without superscriptions of word endings or abbreviations apart from nomina sacra, which often appear in a longer form than usual, e.g. \"χρς\" instead of \"χς\". Headings are written in the same style in red ink.<\/p>

The Greek text contains numerous spelling errors and corrections, while there are few in the Latin. There are deletions by expunctuation and erasure. Common spelling errors include confusion between eta<\/i> and epsilon<\/i>, reflecting non-native pronunciation.<\/p>

Diacritics are not used, apart from occasional acute accents, hooked at the upper end, and the occasional use of the double dot on iota<\/i> and upsilon<\/i>, not determined by function but appearing recurrently particular words such as ἵνα (e.g. f. 11r<\/a>) and forms of ὑμεῖς (e.g. f. 12r<\/a>).<\/p>

Punctuation used includes the middle and upper points. A large proportion of Greek words are followed by a middle point, probably to indicate word division. There are errors in word division. Some words appear with gaps within them, perhaps due to an erroneous word division, but joined with a curved line below, similar to a hyphen.<\/p><\/div><\/div>" }, { "label": "Physical Location", "value": "Trinity College Library, Cambridge" }, { "label": "Abstract", "value": "

This manuscript is a bilingual copy of the Pauline Epistles, with parallel text in Greek and Latin, probably produced in the 9th century in the Carolingian Empire. It is known as the Codex Augiensis due to its former ownership by the monastery of Augia Major on the island of Reichenau in Lake Constance.<\/p>

The text is written in two columns, the Greek appearing on the inner side of the page and the Latin on the outer. Its date and place of origin have been identified on the basis of the Carolingian minuscule style of its script, while the Greek text is written in majuscule script of a western European type. The scribe has separated the words of the Greek text, rather than writing them continuously as in early Greek majuscule manuscripts, and has unusually emphasised the word divisions by placing middle points between each word. Reflecting the scribe's limited familiarity with Greek, single words have frequently been erroneously divided. Such errors have subsequently been corrected by erasing the dividing point and using a curved hyphen below the line to link the parts of the word (e.g. f. 7r, col. a, lines 25-26<\/a>, \"δικαιοσύνης\").<\/p>

The opening folios, containing part of the Epistle to the Romans, have been lost. There are other lacunas in the Greek text, where a gap has been left, indicating that this text was apparently missing from the exemplar from which the manuscript was copied. The Latin text is complete at these points. For the same reason of incompleteness in the exemplar, the Greek text of the penultimate epistle, the Letter to Philemon, ends imperfectly (f. 131r<\/a>). The final Epistle to the Hebrews is written in Latin only.<\/p>

Unlike the other letters, Hebrews is provided with a prefatory text, excerpted from the commentary on the epistle by Rabanus Maurus (c. 784-856), Archbishop of Mainz. It is also followed by another text excerpted from the works of the same author, comments by an abbot which he had drawn on in his treatise on penance and added to the end of that text as an appendix. Its intended relevance here is unclear.<\/p>

The text is closely related to that of the Codex Boernerianus (Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), MS A.145b<\/a>), which contains identical lacunae (excepting that caused by the mutilation of the beginning of Augienses), but in its case applying to the Latin text as well as the Greek. Each have in the past been supposed to be a copy of the other, but the present consensus is that both are derived directly or indirectly from the same source manuscript, whose losses account for the lacunae. Evidently the copyist of Augiensis, or of an intermediate exemplar, supplied the missing Latin text from another source, while Boernerianus received only the text present in the principal exemplar.<\/p>

The manuscript retains a 15th-century binding, added during or prior to its time at Augia Major.<\/p>

Dr Christopher Wright<\/p>" }, { "label": "Former Owner(s)", "value": "Wepfer, Georg Michael, 1692-1774; Mieg, Ludwig Christian, 1668-1740; Bentley, Richard, 1662-1742" }, { "label": "Title", "value": "Pauline Epistles" }, { "label": "Author(s) of the Record", "value": "Christopher Wright" }, { "label": "Material", "value": "Parchment (HFFH<\/i>), quite thin and of good quality." }, { "label": "Collation", "value": "

The manuscript consists of 18 quires, all quaternia.<\/p>